Human Factors, Systems Thinking and Teenage Drivers

One of my areas of interest is Human Factors/Ergonomics, and in particular it’s application to healthcare. However, by its very nature, it is applicable wherever you find humans. This is a recent article from ABC News discussing it in the context of teenage drivers.

Let’s stop blaming young drivers for their deadly road crashes

As our holiday road death toll climbs, perhaps it’s time to stop attributing fatal accidents to inexperience, immaturity or even stupidity, and view the crashes as a failure in a system that should be protecting young drivers.

Source: www.abc.net.au/news/2018-01-01/road-toll-young-people-driver-behaviour-texting-drugs/9291678

Zotero Library

4088554 1 nature 5 default desc 471 https://drgetafix.com/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/

%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22VB5IER3D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4088554%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Everton%20and%20Schroeder%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BEverton%2C%20S.%20F.%20%26amp%3B%20Schroeder%2C%20R.%20Plagues%2C%20Pagans%2C%20and%20Christians%3A%20Differential%20Survival%2C%20Social%20Networks%2C%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Christianity.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScientific%20Study%20of%20Religion%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bb%26gt%3B58%26lt%3B%5C%2Fb%26gt%3B%2C%20775%26%23x2013%3B789%20%282019%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Plagues%2C%20Pagans%2C%20and%20Christians%3A%20Differential%20Survival%2C%20Social%20Networks%2C%20and%20the%20Rise%20of%20Christianity%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sean%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Everton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20his%20book%2C%20The%20Rise%20of%20Christianity%2C%20Rodney%20Stark%20argues%20that%20the%20early%20Christian%20church%20indirectly%20bene%5Cufb01tted%20from%20the%20plagues%20that%20struck%20the%20early%20Roman%20Empire%20in%20the%202nd%20and%203rd%20centuries%20of%20the%20Common%20Era.%20In%20particular%2C%20he%20argues%20that%20the%20early%20church%5Cu2019s%20doctrines%20concerning%20love%2C%20charity%2C%20and%20social%20service%20would%20have%20led%20Christians%20to%20enjoy%20higher%20survival%20rates%20than%20pagans%2C%20which%20would%20have%20left%20the%20social%20networks%20of%20the%20former%20relatively%20intact%2C%20while%20those%20of%20the%20latter%20in%20disarray.%20Moreover%2C%20since%20recruitment%20to%20new%20religious%20movements%20occurs%20largely%20through%20social%20ties%2C%20the%20probability%20that%20an%20average%20pagan%20would%20have%20converted%20to%20Christianity%20would%20have%20been%20greater%20after%20the%20plagues%20than%20before.%20In%20this%20article%2C%20we%20use%20computer%20modeling%20to%20test%20Stark%5Cu2019s%20hypothesis.%20Not%20only%20do%20we%20%5Cufb01nd%20support%20for%20his%20hypothesis%2C%20we%20also%20show%20that%20higher%20survival%20rates%20for%20either%20group%20not%20only%20would%20have%20bene%5Cufb01tted%20their%20respective%20social%20networks%20but%20also%20would%20have%20bene%5Cufb01tted%20their%20competitor%5Cu2019s%20social%20networks%2C%20highlighting%20how%20network%20effects%20often%20%5Cufb02ow%20in%20multiple%20and%20unexpected%20ways.%20We%20conclude%20with%20suggestions%20for%20future%20research%2C%20in%20particular%20how%20scholars%20can%20build%20upon%20our%20analyses%20and%20explore%20alternative%20assumptions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F2019%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fjssr.12631%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220021-8294%2C%201468-5906%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fjssr.12631%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZG8GB4HV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-02T04%3A48%3A36Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E4BJ5GKB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4088554%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22VanderWeele%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BVanderWeele%2C%20T.%20J.%20Effects%20of%20Religious%20Service%20Attendance%20and%20Religious%20Importance%20on%20Depression%3A%20Examining%20the%20Meta-analytic%20Evidence.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20for%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Religion%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bb%26gt%3B31%26lt%3B%5C%2Fb%26gt%3B%2C%2021%26%23x2013%3B26%20%282021%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effects%20of%20Religious%20Service%20Attendance%20and%20Religious%20Importance%20on%20Depression%3A%20Examining%20the%20Meta-analytic%20Evidence%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tyler%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22VanderWeele%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Garssen%20et%20al.%20provide%20meta-analytic%20evidence%2C%20from%20longitudinal%20studies%20with%20control%20for%20baseline%20outcomes%2C%20for%20protective%20associations%20of%20religious%20service%20attendance%20and%20religious%20importance%20with%20subsequent%20depression.%20The%20present%20commentary%20considers%20whether%20or%20not%20these%20associations%20might%20be%20causal%2C%20and%20what%20the%20practical%20relevance%20of%20these%20associations%20might%20be.%20Further%20discussion%20is%20given%20to%20the%20methodological%20considerations%20that%20are%20important%20for%20advancing%20our%20understanding%20of%20the%20relationship%20between%20religion%20and%20mental%20health.%20More%20meta-analyses%20of%20the%20type%20conducted%20by%20Garssen%20et%20al.%20%28i.e.%20restricted%20to%20longitudinal%20studies%20with%20control%20for%20baseline%20outcome%29%20should%20be%20carried%20out%20with%20other%20health%20and%20well-being%20outcomes.%20To%20better%20establish%20the%20evidence%20base%2C%20cross-sectional%20studies%20should%20be%20excluded%20from%20meta-analyses.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-01-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10508619.2020.1748932%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221050-8619%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10508619.2020.1748932%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZG8GB4HV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-28T02%3A41%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FY5GESWN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4088554%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Halvorson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHalvorson%2C%20H.%20Why%20Methodological%20Naturalism%3F%20in%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Blackwell%20Companion%20to%20Naturalism%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20136%26%23x2013%3B149%20%28John%20Wiley%20%26amp%3B%20Sons%2C%20Ltd%2C%202016%29.%20doi%3A10.1002%5C%2F9781118657775.ch10.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Why%20Methodological%20Naturalism%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hans%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halvorson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22I%20argue%20in%20favor%20of%20the%20strategy%20of%20methodological%20naturalism%20in%20science%3B%20that%20is%2C%20restricting%20the%20scope%20of%20investigations%20to%20the%20natural%20world.%20I%20argue%20that%20this%20strategy%20is%20most%20plausibly%20motivated%20by%20supernaturalist%20theism%2C%20rather%20than%20by%20metaphysical%20naturalism.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22The%20Blackwell%20Companion%20to%20Naturalism%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-1-118-65777-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F9781118657775.ch10%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22LU5GZLT6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-28T02%3A01%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22I5DDKVHW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4088554%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Read%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRead%2C%20G.%20J.%20M.%2C%20Shorrock%2C%20S.%2C%20Walker%2C%20G.%20H.%20%26amp%3B%20Salmon%2C%20P.%20M.%20State%20of%20science%3A%20evolving%20perspectives%20on%20%26%23x2018%3Bhuman%20error%26%23x2019%3B.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BErgonomics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bb%26gt%3B64%26lt%3B%5C%2Fb%26gt%3B%2C%201091%26%23x2013%3B1114%20%282021%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22State%20of%20science%3A%20evolving%20perspectives%20on%20%5Cu2018human%20error%5Cu2019%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gemma%20J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Read%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Steven%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shorrock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guy%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salmon%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20paper%20reviews%20the%20key%20perspectives%20on%20human%20error%20and%20analyses%20the%20core%20theories%20and%20methods%20developed%20and%20applied%20over%20the%20last%2060%20years.%20These%20theories%20and%20methods%20have%20sought%20to%20improve%20our%20understanding%20of%20what%20human%20error%20is%2C%20and%20how%20and%20why%20it%20occurs%2C%20to%20facilitate%20the%20prediction%20of%20errors%20and%20use%20these%20insights%20to%20support%20safer%20work%20and%20societal%20systems.%20Yet%2C%20while%20this%20area%20of%20Ergonomics%20and%20Human%20Factors%20%28EHF%29%20has%20been%20influential%20and%20long-standing%2C%20the%20benefits%20of%20the%20%5Cu2018human%20error%20approach%5Cu2019%20to%20understanding%20accidents%20and%20optimising%20system%20performance%20have%20been%20questioned.%20This%20state%20of%20science%20review%20analyses%20the%20construct%20of%20human%20error%20within%20EHF.%20It%20then%20discusses%20the%20key%20conceptual%20difficulties%20the%20construct%20faces%20in%20an%20era%20of%20systems%20EHF.%20Finally%2C%20a%20way%20forward%20is%20proposed%20to%20prompt%20further%20discussion%20within%20the%20EHF%20community.%20Practitioner%20statement%20This%20state-of-science%20review%20discusses%20the%20evolution%20of%20perspectives%20on%20human%20error%20as%20well%20as%20trends%20in%20the%20theories%20and%20methods%20applied%20to%20understand%2C%20prevent%20and%20mitigate%20error.%20It%20concludes%20that%2C%20although%20a%20useful%20contribution%20has%20been%20made%2C%20we%20must%20move%20beyond%20a%20focus%20on%20an%20individual%20error%20to%20systems%20failure%20to%20understand%20and%20optimise%20whole%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F00140139.2021.1953615%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220014-0139%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F00140139.2021.1953615%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%228Q7C3J32%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-28T01%3A59%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MVN4K4LY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A4088554%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Garssen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-01-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGarssen%2C%20B.%2C%20Visser%2C%20A.%20%26amp%3B%20Pool%2C%20G.%20Does%20Spirituality%20or%20Religion%20Positively%20Affect%20Mental%20Health%3F%20Meta-analysis%20of%20Longitudinal%20Studies.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20International%20Journal%20for%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Religion%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20%26lt%3Bb%26gt%3B31%26lt%3B%5C%2Fb%26gt%3B%2C%204%26%23x2013%3B20%20%282021%29.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Does%20Spirituality%20or%20Religion%20Positively%20Affect%20Mental%20Health%3F%20Meta-analysis%20of%20Longitudinal%20Studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garssen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Visser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grieteke%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pool%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20objective%20of%20this%20meta-analysis%20was%20to%20determine%20the%20longitudinal%20positive%20effect%20of%20religion%20or%20spirituality%20%28R%5C%2FS%29%20on%20mental%20health.%20We%20summarized%2048%20longitudinal%20studies%20%2859%20independent%20samples%29%20using%20a%20random%20effects%20model.%20Mental%20health%20was%20operationalized%20as%20a%20continuous%20and%20a%20dichotomous%20distress%20measure%2C%20life%20satisfaction%2C%20well-being%2C%20and%20quality%20of%20life.%20R%5C%2FS%20included%20participation%20in%20public%20and%20private%20religious%20activities%2C%20support%20from%20church%20members%2C%20importance%20of%20religion%2C%20intrinsic%20religiousness%2C%20positive%20religious%20coping%2C%20meaningfulness%2C%20and%20composite%20measures.%20The%20meta-analysis%20yielded%20a%20significant%2C%20but%20small%20overall%20effect%20size%20of%20r%20%3D%5Cu00a0.08%20%2895%25%20CI%3A%200.06%20to%200.10%29.%20Of%20eight%20R%5C%2FS%20predictors%20that%20were%20distinguished%2C%20only%20participation%20in%20public%20religious%20activities%20and%20importance%20of%20religion%20were%20significantly%20related%20to%20mental%20health%20%28r%5Cu00a0%3D%5Cu00a0.08%20and%20r%20%3D%5Cu00a0.09%2C%20respectively%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.04%20to%200.11%20and%200.05%20to%200.12%2C%20respectively%29.%20In%20conclusion%2C%20there%20is%20evidence%20for%20a%20positive%20effect%20of%20R%5C%2FS%20on%20mental%20health%2C%20but%20this%20effect%20is%20small.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-01-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F10508619.2020.1729570%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221050-8619%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F10508619.2020.1729570%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ZG8GB4HV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-10-25T10%3A40%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D

Everton, S. F. & Schroeder, R. Plagues, Pagans, and Christians: Differential Survival, Social Networks, and the Rise of Christianity. Scientific Study of Religion 58, 775–789 (2019).

VanderWeele, T. J. Effects of Religious Service Attendance and Religious Importance on Depression: Examining the Meta-analytic Evidence. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 31, 21–26 (2021).

Halvorson, H. Why Methodological Naturalism? in The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism 136–149 (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016). doi:10.1002/9781118657775.ch10.

Read, G. J. M., Shorrock, S., Walker, G. H. & Salmon, P. M. State of science: evolving perspectives on ‘human error’. Ergonomics 64, 1091–1114 (2021).

Garssen, B., Visser, A. & Pool, G. Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 31, 4–20 (2021).